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French diploma

A diploma of baccalauréat général; it is issued by the recteur d'académie by delegation from the Minister of National Education.

The baccalauréat (French pronunciation: ​ [bakaloʁea]; lit. 'baccalaureate'), often known in France colloquially as the bac , is a French national academic qualification that students can obtain at the completion of their secondary education (at the end of the lycée) past meeting certain requirements. It has existed since the Middle Ages.

Similar bookish qualifications exist elsewhere in Europe, variously known as Abitur in Germany, maturità in Italy, bachillerato in Espana. At that place is also the European Baccalaureate, which students take at the end of the European School pedagogy.

In France, there are 3 main types of baccalauréat obtained in dissimilar places, and which are completely different: the baccalauréat général (general baccalaureate), the baccalauréat technologique (technological baccalaureate), and the baccalauréat professionnel (professional baccalaureate).

Overview [edit]

Much like the European Matura or English language A levels, the baccalauréat allows French and international students to obtain a standardised qualification, typically at the age of 18 (end of the lycée). It qualifies holders to work in certain areas, proceed to tertiary education (universités), or acquire another professional qualification or training. Even though it is not legally required, the vast majority of students in their final year of secondary schoolhouse have a final examination.

The word bac is also used to refer to i of the end-of-year exams that students must pass to get their baccalauréat diploma: the bac de philo, for instance, is the philosophy exam, which all students must have, regardless of their field of study.

Within France, there are three main types of baccalauréat obtained in different places, and which are completely unlike:

• the baccalauréat général (full general baccalaureate), specially made to enter academy and go on studies;
• the baccalauréat technologique (technological baccalaureate), specially made to work or proceed brusk technical studies;
• the baccalauréat professionnel (professional person baccalaureate), specially fabricated to enter professional life.

For archway to regular universities within France, yet, there are some restrictions as to the type of baccalauréat that tin can be presented. In some cases, it may be possible to enter a French academy without the bac by taking a special exam, the "diploma for entrance to higher education".

Though most students take the bac at the terminate of secondary school, it is as well possible to enter as a candidat libre (literally, "gratuitous candidate") without affiliation to a school. Students who did not accept the bac upon completion of secondary schoolhouse (or did not manage to pass it) and would similar to attend university, or experience that the bac would help them achieve professional aspirations, may do that option.

Baccalauréat général [edit]

The main purpose of the general baccalaureate is to permit admission to universities and grandes écoles to pursue studies. It attests to an advanced level in general skills. Information technology is obtained in a Lycée général.

Before 2021, the students who sat for the baccalauréat général chose 1 of three streams (termed séries) in the penultimate lycée year (S for Sciences; ES for Economics and Social sciences; and 50 for Literature). Each stream results in a specialization and carries different weights (coefficients) associated with each subject.

From 2021, the S, ES and L streams of the general baccalaureate take been replaced past three specialty courses, taken during the penultimate year (Première), but two of which are kept in the final year (Terminale). There are 12 specialties : arts, ecology, history, geography and geopolitics, humanities, languages, literature, mathematics, computer science, physics & chemistry, economic and social sciences, engineering sciences, biology & geology. These specialties are added to a function common to all : French, philosophy, history & geography, languages, sciences, sport. A big part of the tests is now in continuous control but the students besides have a terminal oral test.

The streams of the Baccalauréat général before 2021 were as follows:

Fifty Littéraire (Literature)	S Scientifique (Sciences)	ES sciences Économiques et Sociales (Economic science and Social sciences)
The bac Fifty (bac littéraire) weighs French literature, philosophy, foreign languages and arts heavily.	The scientific discipline stream (bac S - bac scientifique) requires a high level in mathematics, physics & chemical science, biology & geology and, if available, engineering science sciences and computer science.	The bac ES (bac économique et social) requires a loftier level in economics and social courses of studies; also in mathematics, history & geography.

Another terminology is sometimes used, which existed before 1994 and further divided the different séries. Until then, it was possible to sit for a bac C or D (which is at present S), B (now ES), or A1, A2, A3 (at present L). People who passed the baccalauréat earlier the reform still use that terminology in referring their diploma.

The baccalauréat permits students to sit exams in over forty languages, including French regional languages such as Alsatian, Breton, Catalan or Norman.

Baccalauréat général : série Littéraire (L) [edit]

Students in the 50 stream prepare for careers in education, linguistics, literature , Philosophy and public service , Political Science , Sociology , Management , Business administration , Law and Economics. The primary and important subjects of this stream are Economics & Social Sciences , History & Geography and Mathematics.. They also have interests in the arts. The about important subjects in the literary stream are Philosophy , French language , Literature , Arts and other Languages, usually English, German and Spanish.

Subjects	Weight	Format of examination	Duration
Anticipated subjectsa
French Language & Literature	3	Written	4 hours
French Linguistic communication & Literature	2	Oral	30 minutes of grooming + 20 minutes
Sciences (Physics, Chemistry and Biological science) (Same schoolhouse curricula as ES stream)	2	Written	1 ½ hours
Travaux personnels encadrés (TPE; Supervised Personal Piece of work)	2c	Oral	ten minutes for each educatee (TPE is an exam mostly prepared past groups of 3 pupils)
Terminale subjects
Philosophy	7	Written	4 hours
Literature	iv	Written	ii hours
History & Geography (Aforementioned school curricula as ES stream)	4	Written	4 hours
Commencement Strange Language (LV1)	iv	Written	3 hours
2nd Foreign Language (LV2) or Regional Language (LVR)	4	Written	3 hours
Concrete Didactics	2	Yr-end Average
Foreign literature in foreign linguistic communication (LV1 or LV2) ("LELE")	1	Oral	10 minutes
Specializations
Detailed "LV1" or "LV2"	+iv	Oral	twenty minutes
Third Foreign Language (Chinese, Italian, ...)	four	Oral	xx minutes
Law and major issues of the contemporary globe (DGEMC, or "droit")	4	Oral	20 minutes
Latin or Ancient Greek	4	Written	3 hours
Mathematics	iii	Written	three hours
Arts & Crafts or Cinema & Audiovisual Studies or Fine art History or Music or Theatre & Dramatic Expression or Trip the light fantastic toe	six	Written and Oral	3 ½ hours and ½-hour
Supplementary Concrete Pedagogy	2	Twelvemonth-finish Average
Optional Subjectsc
Foreign Linguistic communication	iib	Oral or Written (depending on the linguistic communication)	xx minutes or 2 hours
Regional Language		Oral	20 minutes
Latin		Oral	fifteen minutes
Ancient Greek		Oral	15 minutes
Physical Education		Yr-end Average or Examination
Arts (Tin be fine fine art or Movie house Audiovisual studies)		Oral	30–40 minutes
aExams at the cease of première. French is replaced by Philosophy and Literature in terminale. bOnly points above 10 out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. Multiplied by two for starting time subject (except Latin and Greek, where the multiplier is three) and by one for the 2nd bailiwick. cTwo-subject area maximum.

Baccalauréat général : série Scientifique (S) [edit]

The S stream prepares students for work in scientific fields such equally medicine, engineering and the natural sciences. Science students must specialise in either Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry, Informatics or Globe & Life Sciences. Students in this stream must mostly have a good results in Physics & Chemistry, Mathematics, Earth & Life Sciences and, if available, Engineering sciences and Calculator science.

Subjects	Weight	Format of exam	Duration
Anticipated subjectsa
French Language	ii	Written	4 hours
French Language	2	Oral	thirty minutes of preparation + 20 minutes
Travaux personnels encadrés (TPE)	2c	Oral and Written	Students must choose a science-related subject. They need to sum it up into a file (by and large effectually 30 pages) and present information technology to several professors who will then assign them an individual rating out of 20. Five minutes are allotted for each pupil. This examination is more often than not prepared by groups of 3 (or occasionally 4) students. They as well have to write a ii-page essay about how they participated in the projection. The student's grade is based on the documents they present, their oral presentation, and, where applicable, any practical, relevant experiences they may have gained.
Terminale subjects
History & Geography	3	Written	3 hours
Mathematics	7 or 9	Written	4 hours
Physics & Chemistry	six or 8	Written and Laboratory	3 ½ hours plus 1 hour
Earth & Life Sciences Applied science Sciences Biology-Environmental	half dozen or 8 iv + 5 5 + 2	Written and Laboratory Written and Laboratory Written and Laboratory	three ½ hours plus 1 60 minutes 8 hours ( 1 hour for electronics, i hr for mechanics, 4 hours for practical work and ii hours for TPE or PPE) 3 ½ hours plus 1 ½ hour
First Foreign Language (LV1)	3	Written	3 hours
Second Foreign Language (LV2) or Regional Linguistic communication (LVR)	ii	Written	two hours
Philosophy	3	Written	4 hours
Physical Instruction	ii	Year-finish Average
Specializations
Mathematics or Physics & Chemistry or Earth & Life Sciences or Information science	2b	Oral or Laboratory (except for Mathematics)	1 hr (twenty minutes for Information science)
Supplementary Physical Education	two	Year-end Average
Optional Subjectsd
Foreign Language	iic or 3c	Oral or Written (depending on the linguistic communication)	20 minutes or 2 hours
Regional Language		Oral	xx minutes
Latin		Oral	15 minutes
Ancient Greek		Oral	fifteen minutes
Physical Pedagogy		Year-terminate Average or Examination
Arts		Oral	30–forty minutes
Langue Vivante Européenne (European Foreign Linguistic communication) : Advanced language + another class (such every bit History or Biology) in that language	ane° (+ Special mention on the diploma)	Oral	40 minutes
aExam at the stop of première. French is replaced by Philosophy in terminale. bAdded to full general field of study in a higher place, except for computer science. cBut points above 10 out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. Multiplied by 2 for commencement subject area (except Latin & Greek, where the multiplier is 3) and by i for the second discipline. dIi-discipline maximum.

[edit]

Students of the ES stream set up for careers in the Political Science , Sociology , Management , Business administration , Law and Economics. The primary and of import subjects of this stream are Economics & Social Sciences , History & Geography and Mathematics.

Subjects	Weight	Format of test	Elapsing
Anticipated subjectsa
French Linguistic communication	2	Written	four hours
French Language	2	Oral	30 minutes of preparation + 20 minutes
Sciences (Physics, Chemistry and Biology) (Same school curricula every bit L stream)	ii	Written	1 ½ hours
Travaux personnels encadrés (TPE)	2c	Oral and Written	Enquiry all twelvemonth long + a study + an oral of virtually 30 minutes
Terminale subjects
History & Geography (Aforementioned school curricula every bit L stream)	5	Written	4 hours
Mathematics	5 or 7f	Written	3 hours
Economics & Social Sciences	7 or 9f	Written	iv hoursb
First Foreign Linguistic communication (LV1)	iii	Written + Oral	3 hours + 10 minutes
Second Foreign Linguistic communication (LV2) or Regional Language (LVR)	two	Written + Oral	2 hours + 10 minutes
Philosophy	four	Written	iv hours
Physical Pedagogy	2	Year-end Average
Specializations
Detailed Economic system (Wellness economy, Census, Competition policy, Monopoly, Finance' Financial regulation) or Applied Mathematics or Social sciences & Politics (Democracy, Political participation, Policy in European Union) k	twoc	Written	1 hour
Supplementary Concrete Didactics	2	Year-end Average
Optional Subjectseast
Foreign Linguistic communication	iid	Oral or Written (depending on the language)	twenty minutes or 2 hours
Regional Language		Oral	20 minutes
Latin		Oral	15 minutes
Aboriginal Greek		Oral	15 minutes
Physical Educational activity		Year-end Average or Examination
Arts		Oral	30–40 minutes
aExams at the terminate of première. French is replaced by Philosophy in terminale. bThe exam is 5-hours long for students in this specialization. An additional topic with a duration of one hour is distributed at the beginning of the test to all students who choose this specialization. cAdded to general subject above. dOnly points above x out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. Multiplied by two for first subject (except Latin & Greek, where the multiplier is three) and by one for the second subject. eTwo-bailiwick maximum. fThe highest coefficient is practical to students who choose this specialization. thousandThe examination of specialty economy is included in the compulsory economy test, it is the same matter for mathematics. The test of English specialty is not included in the compulsory English exam.

Baccalauréat technologique [edit]

The technological baccalaureate is one of the three tracks of the French baccalaureate. It is obtained in a Lycée technologique. The teaching of the lessons is based on inductive reasoning and experimentation. Information technology allows yous to work or to pursue short and technical studies (laboratory, pattern and applied arts, hotel and restaurant, direction etc.).

Information technology currently has eight sections : STMG (Sciences and Technologies of Management), ST2S (Sciences and Technologies of Healthcare), STI2D (Sciences and Technologies of Industry and Sustainable Development), STD2A (Sciences and Technologies of Pattern and Applied Art), STHR (Hospitality Industry and Business), STL (Science and Technologies of Laboratory), STAV (Scientific discipline and Technologies of Agronomy and Living Organisms), S2TMD (Science and Technologies of Theater, Music and Dance).

Baccalauréat professionnel [edit]

The professional baccalaureate allows rapid integration into working life. It is obtained in a Lycée professionnel.

The professional person baccalaureate includes nearly 100 specialties like : Leather crafts; Building technician; Maintenance of industrial equipment; Melt; Road freight ship driver; Butcher etc.

Format [edit]

The baccalauréat général examination takes place in the two terminal years of the lycée : première and terminale. From 2021 a large function of the tests is now in continuous control.

Most examinations are given in essay-form. The student is given a substantial block of time (depending on the exam, that is from two to five hours) to complete a multiple-page, well-argued newspaper. The number of pages varies from exam to exam just is unremarkably substantial considering all answers accept to be written downwards, explained and justified. Mathematics and science exams are problem sets but some science questions also require an essay-type answer. Strange-language exams oft have a short translation department, equally well. Mathematics and the Earth & Life Sciences examinations may occasionally contain some multiple-choice questions (choix multiples), simply this is rare and when information technology occurs, information technology does not constitute the majority of the exam.

Students of the baccalauréat général besides have to work on an oral research project (final oral test, travaux personnels encadrés, or TPE). Information technology focusses on their specialties, under the supervision of a faculty member. The oral examination takes place in forepart of a jury of teachers. There are also several oral exams in languages; applied work in science or arts; or physical evaluation in sport.

When taken in mainland France, the baccalauréat material is the same for all students in a given stream. The secrecy surrounding the textile is very tight, and the envelopes containing the exams are unsealed by a high-ranking schoolhouse officeholder (usually a principal or vice-principal) in front of the examinees only a few minutes prior to the start of the examination. The procedure is the same for each subject area, in each stream. Students normally have an identification number and an assigned seat. The number is written on all examination material and the name is hidden past folding and sealing the upper right-paw corner of the examination sheet(southward). That way, anonymity is respected. The correcting staff is unremarkably a fellow member of the education staff in the aforementioned district or, at a larger scale, in the aforementioned académie. To avoid conflicts of interests, a teacher who has lectured to a educatee or group of students cannot form that exam. Also, to ensure greater objectivity on the office of the examiners, the test is anonymous. The grader sees simply an exam paper with a serial number, with all personally identifying material stripped away and forbidden from appearing, thus curbing any favoritism based upon sex, organized religion, national origin, or ethnicity.

Different the English language GCSEs, Scottish Standard Grades or the American Sat, the French baccalauréat is not a completely-standardised test. Since most answers, fifty-fifty for biology questions, are given in essay grade, the grades may vary from grader to grader, especially in subjects like philosophy and French literature.

Students generally take the French language and literature test at the end of première since that subject is non taught in terminale, where it is replaced with a philosophy form. It also has an oral examination component, along with the written part. The oral exam covers works studied throughout première. However, in L, students practise have a literature examination in terminale.

Weighting system [edit]

Each baccalauréat stream has its own prepare of subjects that each carry a different weighting (coefficient). That allows some subjects to be more of import than others. For case, in the ES stream, Economic science & Social Scientific discipline carry more weight than the Natural Sciences and and so the former is more than important than the latter. Students unremarkably study more than for exams that carry heavier weightings since the grades that they obtain in these exams have a bigger touch on on their overall grade. Whether or not ane passes the bac and/or receives eventual honours is adamant by the calculation of that overall course.

Choice Internationale du Baccalauréat [edit]

The general baccalauréat offers several boosted variants. The best-known subset is the "option internationale du baccalauréat" (OIB). Sometimes confusingly translated as the "French international baccalaureat", it is, still, unrelated to the International Baccalaureate (IB).

The OIB adds further subjects to the French national exam. Students choose 1 of the L, ES or S streams. Information technology differs, as students take a two-twelvemonth syllabus in literature, history, and geography in a foreign language. That syllabus and the fashion that it is examined is modelled on the national examination of the target nation. For instance, the British Section (administered past the University of Cambridge) models the programmes on A-levels in English, History, and Geography. It is therefore necessary to be fully bilingual to complete this qualification. To date there are fifteen different sections supporting xiv dissimilar languages, thus: American, Arabic, British, (mainland) Chinese, Danish, Dutch, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Swedish.^[1]

At the cease of terminale, OIB students have extra exams in Literature and History/Geography. These exams have a loftier weighting in the terminal mark of the baccalaureate and practice not give extra points to OIB students. Overall, these students work much more than (up to an additional 10 hours per week of classes, with a significant corporeality of required reading and homework attached besides) than the other general baccalauréat students, and many of them tend to get to strange universities. University admissions tutors oftentimes consider reducing the archway requirements for students taking the OIB compared with those taking the standard French baccalaureate to reverberate the additional demands of the OIB.^[ii]

Since the students that attend these schools make up a fairly pocket-size demographic, they tend to be spread over a far larger surface area than would traditionally be expected of a normal lycée or secondary school. Every bit a consequence, many of these students must commute long distances, with one-60 minutes trips each way beingness adequately common. The long commutes, the longer days, and the increased workload that come up with the OIB hateful that it places nifty demands on the students, and many students cannot handle the workload and and so transfer to schools teaching the standard French baccalaureate. Thus, many consider the OIB qualification to be highly challenging and a sign, not merely of academic prowess, but also of tenacity and hard work.^{[ citation needed ]}

Dissimilar languages [edit]

To test their strange or regional linguistic communication students can choose among these different languages (not at all schools): English, High german, Arabic, Armenian, Cambodian, Chinese, Danish, Castilian, Finnish, Modernistic Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Dutch, Norwegian, Shine, Portuguese, Russian, Turkish, Vietnamese; regional languages: Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedoc, Limousin, Niçard, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine, regional languages of Alsace regional languages of Moselle, Tahitian, Albanian, Amharic, Melanesian languages, Bambara, Berber, Bulgarian, Cambodian, Korean, Croatian, Hausa, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Malaysian, Laotian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Malagasy, Persian, Fulani, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Swedish, Swahili, Tamil, Czech.^[three]

Reforms [edit]

Starting in 2021, the full general baccalaureate is ready to undergo a reformation. Since Nov 2017, an initiative spearheaded by minister Jean-Michel Blanquer, has united numerous actors from the field of teaching to reinvent this organisation to have less exams (now only four) in conjunction with a large oral examination. The old streams (Southward, ES and Fifty) will equally disappear and now rather than being entirely decided by final examinations, 40% of the pupil's final grade volition consist of demonstrated success over the course of the school twelvemonth.

Passing and honours [edit]

The pass mark is 10 out of 20. The 2014 success charge per unit for the baccalauréat in mainland French republic was 87.ix%.^[iv]

For the baccalauréat, four levels of honours are given:^[5]

• A mark betwixt 12 and 13.99 will earn a mention assez bien (honours, lit. "adequately good");
• A mark betwixt 14 and 15.99 volition earn a mention bien (high honours, lit. "practiced");
• A mark between sixteen and 17.99 will earn a mention très bien (very high honours, lit. "very good");
• A marking of 18 and above will earn the félicitations du jury (highest honors, lit. "congratulations from the [examination] jury).

Honours are prestigious simply not crucial, as admissions to the classes préparatoires (preparatory classes), which gear up students for the grande école examinations, are decided months before the test.

French educators seldom use the entire grading scale. The same applies when mark the baccalauréat. Therefore, students are very unlikely to get a 20 out of 20 or more (it is actually possible to get more than twenty because of options like Arts, Music, Latin etc.). Information technology is besides very rare to encounter scores lower than 5.

Grade inflation has become a business concern. Betwixt 2005 and 2016, the proportion of students who received an award in the general baccalaureate doubled.^[6]

European department [edit]

A European section is an selection in French high schools to teach a discipline through a European language other than French. It also gives pupils the opportunity of having more hours in the language studied. It is also an opportunity to learn more about the civilization of the country of which the language is being spoken. For case, learning History in Spanish the history of Espana and that of Central and Southward America would be emphasized. Teachers nowadays their lessons in English language, German, Italian or Spanish.

At the end, students can receive a "European section" mention on their baccalaureat. To have that mention, they demand to get at least 12/twenty on their linguistic communication exam and at least x/xx at an additional oral examination on the subject in the language.

For example, those who cull History in Spanish as an additional subject would accept their Spanish examination similar the remainder of their classmates, who do not accept History in Castilian, and get at least 12/xx. They then have to pass an oral examination on history in Spanish and go at least 10/20.

[edit]

A student who averages between viii and 10 is permitted to sit for the épreuve de rattrapage (also called the second groupe), a supplemental oral test is given in two subjects of the pupil'south choice. A student who does well plenty in those examinations to raise the overall weighted grade to a 10 gets the baccalauréat. A pupil who does poorly in the orals and receives below a 10 may choose to repeat the final year of lycée (terminale).

Students may non redo the entire examination in September; the September examinations may be taken only by those who accept not been able to take the June examinations for serious reasons (such as illness).

See also [edit]

• Bookish grading in France
• Education in France
• Baccalauréat technologique
• International Baccalaureate
• European Baccalaureate
• French-German Baccalaureate

Annotation [edit]

1. The formula was taken from the Lycée Claudel website, a French lycée in Ottawa, Canada and might simply be authentic for Canadian—and even Ontarian—per centum grades. In Ontario, an 80% grade is an "A" on the American Calibration and the pupil is awarded an Ontario Scholar Diploma. A 90% class is an A+ on the American Scale is considered a form with honours and automatically qualifies the student for government-funded scholarships and bursaries. The formula should be used for comparing simply.

References [edit]

1. ^ "les sections Internationales au lycée" Education.gouv.fr Retrieved 2021-08-13
2. ^ "OIB: The Option Internationale du Baccalauréat Explained". The Skilful Schools Guide . Retrieved 28 March 2016.
3. ^ "Bulletin officiel n°30 du 24 juillet 2003 - Yard.J.E.N.R". Educational activity.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2012-x-04 .
4. ^ "NI du bac.vp" (PDF) . Retrieved 2012-10-04 .
5. ^ "Les mentions au BAC". Admis-Examen (in French). Retrieved 2017-12-26 .
6. ^ "What is the bac?". Euronews. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.

• French Ministry of Pedagogy website

Further reading [edit]

• Sayare, Scott. "Rite of Passage for French Students Receives Poor Grade." (Print championship: "A Rite of Passage for French Students Receives a Poor Class") The New York Times. Published online on June 27, 2013. Published in print on June 28, 2013, p. A11, New York edition.

External links [edit]

• Grade Equivalency Chart
• OIB Revision Site

satterdonammis1999.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at

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